The internet is littered with writings on the relative merits of corporate forms and tax elections for cannabis businesses. Even the best of these articles are as dull as ditchwater, because the topic is tax. Most of the authors mention subchapter S taxation at some point, and the showier ones may even dredge up cannabis tax court opinions on the topic. This post doesn’t get into any of that. Instead, it asks the simple question: how did you mess up your cannabis subchapter S election?
What’s a subchapter S election?
Feel free to skip this section, which is boring, if you already know what an S election is, how it works, etc. If you don’t, I’ll cover this at a very broad, borderline irresponsible level– just to get us through. Please note that the same rules apply here for cannabis businesses as non-cannabis businesses.
An S election is just a business’s determination to be taxed according to a certain part of the Internal Revenue Code. We’re talking about subchapter S here (open to corporations and LLCs), as opposed to subchapter C (also for corporations and LLCs), or subchapter K (partnerships and LLCs only).
An S corporation passes its income, losses, deductions and credits to shareholders for federal tax purposes. Unlike a C corp, the S corp doesn’t pay federal income tax. It is a “pass through.” Note that every S corp begins its life as a C corp, and every S corp once filed something with the IRS called a Form 2553 to gain its new chapter status.
An LLC can also elect to be taxed under subchapter S. Unlike the converting C corp, the converting LLC files two forms: a Form 8832, then the 2553. People are sometimes surprised that an LLC can do this, because LLCs already pass their income, losses, etc., through to owners for federal tax purposes. But, under subchapter S, owners can often take earnings out of the business without paying employment taxes.
There are plenty of other reasons both corporations and LLCs elect to be taxed under subchapter S, either at formation or at some point during their lifecycles. I can tell you that cannabis retailers should stay away from subchapter S as a general rule. Cannabis growers and processors taxed under subchapter S are rare birds as well, but sometimes it makes sense. More on that below.
How did you mess up your cannabis subchapter S election?
I’ve had the displeasure of asking this question to clients a half dozen times over the years. That’s a very small percentage of clients at this point, but it tends to be memorable. Below are three ways this can happen.
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Miscommunication
There’s a reason that CPAs usually ask to see a company’s governance documents before filing a tax election or preparing a return. The CPA needs to know if what they’re advising or being asked to do makes sense. Often, the ownership or structure of a company may be incompatible with subchapter S taxation. For example, a stock ledger may show non-U.S. shareholders or nonviable shareholder trusts; or an LLC operating agreement may delineate multiple classes of units.
On two occasions, I’ve designed waterfalls for cannabis LLCs only to learn those LLCs ended up making subchapter S elections. The owner agreements and tax filings were fundamentally at odds in each case. One of those busted elections came to light in litigation; the other came up when somebody left the company. Neither was satisfactorily “fixed” to my knowledge.
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Missed deadlines
Various deadlines must be observed when electing subchapter S status. It can get pretty complicated for corporations; less so for LLCs. In my experience, founders often miss these deadlines because there is so much going on when starting a company. Late filing relief is often available, but this involves triage, extra paperwork and ultimately, expense. It’s best to calendar any tax filing deadlines upon incorporating or organizing, run down requisite tax advice, and timely file.
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You actually made the election
Sometimes, you can mess up an S election by… timely filing an S election. Again, most cannabis businesses are not taxed under subchapter S for a reason.
In the case of a cannabis retailer, subchapter C is almost always preferred, because this prevents non-deductible expenses resulting from IRC § 280E from passing through to owners. Parking in subchapter C avoids the devastating situation of taxable income to owners on paper, but no real earnings.
Other plant-touching cannabis businesses may decline to make an S election for any number of reasons. Most commonly, a business will be capitalized disproportionately or just “differently” by co-owners (e.g., cash versus services; lots of cash versus a little cash; equity versus debt). These businesses may wish to allocate income in ways that simply can’t work under Subchapter S. Yet, they’ve made a subchapter S election with no appreciation of constraints.
You don’t have to mess up your cannabis subchapter S election
Tax is complex, but it isn’t always complicated. Roadmaps abound in the cannabis business space. If you’re a cannabis business owner looking at subchapter S, the best advice is to: 1) screen your ownership structure; 2) sketch out capital outlays and cash flows, and the way you want money to move through the business; and 3) talk to your legal and tax advisers so that everyone is on the same page.
It’s no fun to mess up a Subchapter S election! But it’s also not hard to avoid.
